Cognizin® Citicoline
Cognizin® is a branded citicoline (CDP-choline) that provides nutritional support for brain energy, attention, focus, and recall. Citicoline is a choline and cytidine-containing intermediate in the generation of phosphatidylcholine from choline. It can be used to augment the body and brain choline pool. Citicoline and Alpha-glycerophosphocholine (alpha-GPC) are considered the nootropic forms of choline, with both being able to increase brain choline levels, act as building blocks for acetylcholine, and support choline-dependent functions. Following ingestion, citicoline yields choline and cytidine [1,2], the latter being converted into uridine in humans [3]. These compounds can be used to produce the phosphatidylcholine needed for the structure and function of healthy cell membranes [4,5]. Phosphatidylcholine can also be used for acetylcholine synthesis [6,7]. Acetylcholine is central to brain neurotransmission; it plays a supportive role in attention, concentration, mental focus, and memory. Acetylcholine is also used in both the fight or flight and rest and relax parts of the autonomic nervous system, and it is a signaling molecule for activating muscles. Cognizin® is a branded citicoline (CDP-choline) that provides nutritional support for brain energy, attention, focus, and recall.*
TOP BENEFITS OF COGNIZIN® CITICOLINE
Supports mental energy *
Supports focus and attention *
Supports brain health and cognitive performance *
QUALIA’S COGNIZIN® CITICOLINE SOURCING
Cognizin® is a patented and clinically studied form of citicoline, a substance vital to brain health and energy.
Cognizin® Citicoline has been used in a number of human studies. It provides nutritional support for brain energy, attention, focus, and recall.
Cognizin® Citicoline is non-GMO, vegan, Kosher, and GRAS.
Cognizin® is a registered trademark of Kyowa Hakko Bio Co.
COGNIZIN® CITICOLINE FORMULATING PRINCIPLES AND RATIONALE
Cognizin® Citicoline is typically consumed in amounts between 250 and 500 mg/day when used alone as a nootropic in healthy adults. Qualia believes the evidence suggests a threshold response (see Qualia Dosing Principles) for citicoline when given to healthy people, which means the majority of functional benefits occur at the lower end of the range, with a doubling of the serving from 250 to 500 mg producing only modest additional functional gains. The amount of citicoline used in a Qualia product will depend on whether it is used alone or with another choline-containing ingredient. When it is combined with another source of choline, we consider the two of them together when deciding the amounts of each to include—it is the total choline support, not the amount of each individual source that guides our formulation decision.*
CITICOLINE KEY MECHANISMS
Choline donor*
Citicoline is part of the Kennedy (or CDP-choline) pathway, which has a central role in choline homeostasis* [8–10]
Supports plasma levels of choline* [11]
Supports plasma levels of uridine* [11]
Precursor for phosphatidylcholine synthesis* [4,5,7]
Precursor for acetylcholine synthesis* [6,7]
Supports brain function and cognition*
Supports memory and learning* [12–18]
Supports working memory* [18]
Supports attention* [19,20]
Supports processing speed* [18]
Supports executive function* [18]
Supports cognitive health* [12,16,17,21]
Supports brain energetics and ATP* [22]
Supports acetylcholine synthesis and release* [6,7,21]
Supports cholinergic neurotransmission* [23,24]
Supports brain phospholipid synthesis* [7,22,25–27]
Supports brain mitochondrial phospholipid and protein production* [28,29]
Supports dopaminergic neurotransmission* [24,30–32]
Supports brain (frontal lobe) bioenergetics* [22]
Supports brain bioelectrical activity* [12]
Supports cerebral blood flow* [12]
Supports brain plasticity* [33]
Supports neuroprotective functions* [21,26,27,33–40]
Supports neuronal cell membrane stabilization* [26,36]
Supports brain glutathione levels* [27]
Supports brain SIRT1 levels* [38]*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
REFERENCES
[1]K. Yashima, M. Takamatsu, K. Okuda, J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 21 (1975) 49–60.
[2]I. Lopez G. -coviella, J. Agut, R. Von Borstel, R.J. Wurtman, Neurochem. Int. 11 (1987) 293–297.
[3]M. Cansev, Brain Res. Rev. 52 (2006) 389–397.
[4]J. Agut, E. Font, A. Sacristán, J.A. Ortiz, Arzneimittelforschung 33 (1983) 1048–1050.
[5]P. Galletti, M. De Rosa, M.G. Cotticelli, A. Morana, R. Vaccaro, V. Zappia, J. Neurol. Sci. 103 Suppl (1991) S19–25.
[6]I.H. Ulus, R.J. Wurtman, C. Mauron, J.K. Blusztajn, Brain Res. 484 (1989) 217–227.
[7]G.B. Weiss, Life Sci. 56 (1995) 637–660.
[8]F. Gibellini, T.K. Smith, IUBMB Life 62 (2010) 414–428.
[9]Z. Li, D.E. Vance, J. Lipid Res. 49 (2008) 1187–1194.
[10]P. Fagone, S. Jackowski, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1831 (2013) 523–532.
[11]R.J. Wurtman, M. Regan, I. Ulus, L. Yu, Biochem. Pharmacol. 60 (2000) 989–992.
[12]X.A. Alvarez, R. Mouzo, V. Pichel, P. Perez, M. Laredo, L. Fernandez-Novoa, L. Corzo, R. Zas, M. Alcaraz, J.J. Secades, Others, Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 21 (1999) 633.
[13]P.A. Spiers, D. Myers, G.S. Hochanadel, H.R. Lieberman, R.J. Wurtman, Arch. Neurol. 53 (1996) 441–448.
[14]X.A. Alvarez, M. Laredo, D. Corzo, L. Fernández-Novoa, R. Mouzo, J.E. Perea, D. Daniele, R. Cacabelos, Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 19 (1997) 201–210.
[15]V.D. Petkov, A.H. Mosharrof, R. Kehayov, V.V. Petkov, E. Konstantinova, D. Getova, Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 14 (1992) 593–605.
[16]A.H. Mosharrof, V.D. Petkov, Acta Physiol. Pharmacol. Bulg. 16 (1990) 25–31.
[17]L.A. Teather, R.J. Wurtman, Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 27 (2003) 711–717.
[18]V. Knott, S. de la Salle, J. Choueiry, D. Impey, D. Smith, M. Smith, E. Beaudry, S. Saghir, V. Ilivitsky, A. Labelle, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 131 (2015) 119–129.
[19]E. McGlade, A. Locatelli, J. Hardy, T. Kamiya, M. Morita, K. Morishita, Y. Sugimura, D. Yurgelun-Todd, FNS 03 (2012) 769–773.
[20]E. McGlade, A.M. Agoston, J. DiMuzio, M. Kizaki, E. Nakazaki, T. Kamiya, D. Yurgelun-Todd, J. Atten. Disord. 23 (2019) 121–134.
[21]C.E. Dixon, X. Ma, D.W. Marion, J. Neurotrauma 14 (1997) 161–169.
[22]M.M. Silveri, J. Dikan, A.J. Ross, J.E. Jensen, T. Kamiya, Y. Kawada, P.F. Renshaw, D.A. Yurgelun-Todd, NMR Biomed. 21 (2008) 1066–1075.
[23]S.K. Tayebati, D. Tomassoni, A. Di Stefano, P. Sozio, L.S. Cerasa, F. Amenta, J. Neurol. Sci. 302 (2011) 49–57.
[24]R. Giménez, J. Raïch, J. Aguilar, Br. J. Pharmacol. 104 (1991) 575–578.
[25]S.M. Babb, L.L. Wald, B.M. Cohen, R.A. Villafuerte, S.A. Gruber, D.A. Yurgelun-Todd, P.F. Renshaw, Psychopharmacology 161 (2002) 248–254.
[26]A.M. Rao, J.F. Hatcher, R.J. Dempsey, J. Neurochem. 75 (2008) 2528–2535.
[27]R.M. Adibhatla, J.F. Hatcher, R.J. Dempsey, Stroke (2001).
[28]M. Alberghina, M. Viola, I. Serra, A. Mistretta, A.M. Giuffrida, J. Neurosci. Res. 6 (1981) 421–433.
[29]R.F. Villa, F. Ingrao, G. Magri, A. Gorini, S. Reale, A. Costa, N. Ragusa, R. Avola, A.M. Giuffrida-Stella, Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 11 (1993) 83–93.
[30]J. Agut, J.A. Ortiz, R.J. Wurtman, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 920 (2006) 332–335.
[31]M. Shibuya, N. Kageyama, T. Taniguchi, H. Hidaka, M. Fujiwara, Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 31 (1981) 47–52.
[32]S.K. Tayebati, D. Tomassoni, I.E. Nwankwo, A. Di Stefano, P. Sozio, L.S. Cerasa, F. Amenta, CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 12 (2013) 94–103.
[33]M. Gutiérrez-Fernández, B. Rodríguez-Frutos, B. Fuentes, M.T. Vallejo-Cremades, J. Alvarez-Grech, M. Expósito-Alcaide, E. Díez-Tejedor, Neurochem. Int. 60 (2012) 310–317.
[34]J.L. Saver, Rev. Neurol. Dis. 5 (2008) 167–177.
[35]A. Dávalos, J. Castillo, J. Alvarez-Sabín, J.J. Secades, J. Mercadal, S. López, E. Cobo, S. Warach, D. Sherman, W.M. Clark, R. Lozano, Stroke 33 (2002) 2850–2857.
[36]R.V. Dorman, Z. Dabrowiecki, L.A. Horrocks, J. Neurochem. 40 (1983) 276–279.
[37]J. Krupinski, I. Ferrer, M. Barrachina, J.J. Secades, J. Mercadal, R. Lozano, Neuropharmacology 42 (2002) 846–854.
[38]O. Hurtado, M. Hernández-Jiménez, J.G. Zarruk, M.I. Cuartero, I. Ballesteros, G. Camarero, A. Moraga, J.M. Pradillo, M.A. Moro, I. Lizasoain, J. Neurochem. 126 (2013) 819–826.
[39]R.J. Dempsey, V.L. Raghavendra Rao, J. Neurosurg. 98 (2003) 867–873.
[40]K. Radad, G. Gille, J. Xiaojing, N. Durany, W.-D. Rausch, Int. J. Neurosci. 117 (2007) 985–998.